I am a geologist, unlike Joseph, and I studied the Black Hills, and surrounding areas. The Black Hills were uplifted about 40-70 mya during the Laramide Orogeny. This is also when the Rocky Mountains were created. See there was a tectonic plate that was moving up against the western half of the U.S., and subducting (or sliding under) the North American Plate. The pressure from which caused the uplift of these various mountains. The Black Hills’ core is comprised of Igneous Precambrian rocks. When crust is folded it creates anticlines and synclines. Imagine a set of waves, the anticline is the top of the wave, and the syncline is the U shape between the crests of the waves. Erosion wears away at the softer rock formations, leaving the harder igneous rocks exposed. Mt. Rushmore, and the peaks of the Black Hills are made from these igneous rocks. The peaks are anticlines that have been eroded.

Joseph also mentions an enormous impact crater. Part of the area he’s referring to DOES have CRATERS, from YELLOWSTONE CALDERA. Caldera does not mean “volcano,” it refers to the crater left behind when the enormous volumes of lava erupted, which caused the ground to subside. Joseph doesn’t seem to realize, that the Yellowstone Caldera is a hot spot that continually is moving. Yellowstone Caldera was once much farther west than it is today. In the last 2 million years, 3 eruptions have occurred, with 3 overlapping craters.

I doubt that Joseph even believes the misinformation he is spreading. I think it’s all about getting people to give him money to view his pictures.